Shakespeare - 661 Words

Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore, So do our minutes hasten to their end; Each changing place with that which goes before, In sequent toil all forwards do contend. Nativity, once in the main of light, Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crown’d, Crooked elipses ’gainst his glory fight, And Time that gave doth now his gift confound. Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth And delves the parallels in beauty’s brow, Feeds on the rarities of nature’s truth, And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow: And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand, Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand. Summary This sonnet attempts to explain the nature of time as it passes, and as it acts on human life. In the first quatrain, the†¦show more content†¦In the third quatrain, the metaphor becomes one of time as a personified force, a ravaging monster, who digs trenches in beauty, devours nature, and mows down all that stands with his scythe. Clearly, these images develop from one another: the first describes the way time passes, the second describes the way a human life passes, and the third describes the way time is responsible for the ravages in human life. Each quatrain is a single four-line sentence, developing a single argument through metaphor: time passes relentlessly, human life is cripplingly short before it quickly succumbs to age and decay, time is the ravager responsible for the downfall of men’s lives. This is one of the great themes of the sonnets. In the couplet, the speaker then stunningly declares that he has found a way to confound time: his verse, despite time’s â€Å"cruel hand,† will live on, and continue to praise the worth of the beloved. This is the often-invoked corollary to the great theme of time’s passage: the speaker, disappointed that the young man will not defy time by havingShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Works Of Shakespeare1126 Words   |  5 Pagesstor y of the author himself; William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was born April 26, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, which is located in the United Kingdom. Even though his goals were to become an actor, he fell into writing and become one of the most well-known writers in his life. There s a lot of controversy surrounding Shakespeare and there s many people who believe that he, himself did not write his famous plays, sonnets, and poems. In his lifetime, Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays, five longRead More shakespeare Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pages The Discrepancies of Shakespeare nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shakespeare is a world renowned playwright. Most people could describe at least of one of his plays, poems, or sonnets. However, not many people can recall the details of his personal life. Some may know that he was married, while others believe that he gay. Since there are so many discrepancies concerning William Shakespeare, it can no longer be determined what the facts are and what is fiction. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The discrepanciesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare1735 Words   |  7 Pagesin a name? Would not a rose by any other name smell as sweet?† William Shakespeare, a name we have all heard at some point, but who is he? William Shakespeare, the man who has influenced our culture through his various literary works. What is the truth behind the brilliant man whom penned the renowned words filling the pages of the ever significant Romeo and Juliet, Much Ado About Nothing, or The Tempest? William Shakespeare was born William Shakspere. Aside from contemporary and popular beliefRead MoreReligion in Shakespeare1024 Words   |  4 PagesThe religion of William Shakespeare is a subject about which very few people have a complete understanding. His plays and poems contain an almost overwhelming number of biblical references and allusions to biblical thinking, which can be seen as either Protestant or Catholic in understanding. His concealment of various understandings and interpretations of religious ideology make it difficult to ascertain his own religious beliefs, however, through further analysis of [insert names of plays], onceRead MoreShakespeare and Kingship1614 Words   |  7 PagesIn writing his history plays, Shakespeare was actually commenting on what he thought about the notion of kingship. Through his plays, he questions the divine right of kings, which the kings and the aristocracy used heavily in their favour to win the peoples love. In Macbeth, King Richar d II and King Henry IV part 1, Shakespeare shows us his opinion of kingship in general. Although the plays are written about individual kings, I think that Shakespeare used the plays as an opportunity to voice hisRead Moreâ€Å"To Be, Or Not To Be: That Is The Question:† (Shakespeare,935 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question:† (Shakespeare, Hamlet 3.1.56). This is a famous quote from William Shakespeare’s famous play Hamlet. However, what inspired Shakespeare to write such a play? What inspired Shakespeare to create any of his famous works? These questions can only be answered by looking into Shakespeare’s life and the events that came to pass when he wrote his plays. Therefore William Shakespeare wrote many of his plays derived from inspiration that came from events in hisRead MoreThe Antagonist, Shakespeare1405 Words   |  6 Pagesa little curious about what leads someone to become ‘evil,’ why it is they do what they do, and so on. And considering we live in a world where right and wrong is all about perspective, well-done antagonists can be especially exciting.†(Hansen) Shakespeare develops his antagonists in a way that makes them interesting to the audience and does so especially well in his plays Othello, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Hamlet. Each play has an antagonist, or something near one in the case of Midsummer Night’sRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 Pagesï » ¿ RESEARCH TOPIC An Analytic Review Of Shakespearean Influence On Faulkner s Tragedy RESEARCH QUESTION How Shakespeare tragic patterns influenced on William Faulkner s writings? NAME: SYEDA AMBREEN FATIMA FATHER’S NAME: SYED HASAN AKHTER SEAT NO: 1315793 ENROLMENT NO: 2013/ENG/M.A(LIT)/15681 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 28TH NOV 2013 SUBMITTED TO: MISS SAMREENRead MoreEssay on Shakespeare as a Real Man in Shakespeare in Love2553 Words   |  11 PagesShakespeare as a Real Man in Shakespeare in Love Shakespeare has been presented in myriad versions, from the traditional to the almost unrecognizable. Directors and actors have adapted him as long as his plays have been performed. Some feel that without Shakespeare ´s original poetry, audiences are robbed of the opportunity to experience the cleverness, poetry, and majesty of the language - Shakespeare ´s genius. Others feel that modern adaptations don ´t challenge viewersRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello, By William Shakespeare1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhen pairs of texts are considered together, their universal themes and ideas lead to greater understanding, appreciation and insight of both the old and the new. The texts Othello, William Shakespeare (1600) and Othello, Geoffrey Sax (2001), ring true for this statement. Despite the differing contexts and ages, the universal themes of racism and betrayal bring new meaning to each of the texts. The primary meaning from the juxtaposition of the two is that of the human condition, and how the problems

The Legalization of Marijuana Essay - 1083 Words

This debate has been very prevalent in society and in politics. Experts, politicians, and people alike have been debating among themselves whether or not marijuana should be legalized in America. Marijuana is a drug that can be smoked or eaten. It is grown from the ground and gives the user a sense of a hallucinogenic high. It goes by many names such as Mary Jane, kush, grass, weed, pot, green, cannabis, hemp, or chronic. Some say that marijuana is not as bad as alcohol. Some say that marijuana is safe. Some hippies say that marijuana is natural and should be spread throughout the world. It is debated on constantly through the media, politics, and everyday conversions. What should someone believe? Marijuana should only be legalized for†¦show more content†¦After taking a very small amount of the marijuana in a half-muffin, JJ took a dramatic turn in his academics, his social life, and his attitude completely turned around for the better. It was a miracle. It was a very stron g and emotional article that should change the minds of a few non-believers in medical marijuana, not recreational marijuana. If a child is in this sort of predicament and suffers from such an extreme combination of disorders and medical marijuana is the only thing that will have any positive effect on them, then who are we to keep that from that poor child? God allowed for marijuana to grow for a reason and this is it. It is for these very few people who truly need it to calm down and act normally in society. Medical marijuana has the ability to affect a lot of lives. People with OCD do not have to drive themselves up the wall with their habbits. People like JJ do not have to be outcasted from society. They do not have to live with those horrible disorders. There are many more people out there like JJ who need this kind of help. Help only medical marijuana can give them. Another article read, â€Å"Medical marijuana can be both a treatment in itself, and it can be used to help pat ients withstand the effects of accepted treatments that can possibly lead to a cure or amelioration of their condition† (Clark 40). This article is telling the public that medical marijuana can treat patients. If the government would justShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legalization of Cannabis in Ohio Marijuana is a controversial topic all across the United States. Recently marijuana has been voted on, legalized, and denied legalization in multiple states. There are still more states trying to fight the green fight for marijuana. The fight for legalization hasn’t been an easy one for cannabis supporters; they have been fighting tooth and nail to make it happen. One of the main concerns in the marijuana debates are whether or not marijuana is a gateway drugRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana1633 Words   |  7 PagesBalyuk March 8, 2016 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has a few different names that are commonly used in today’s society including weed and cannabis. Weed is smoked with joints, bongs, or pipes. Marijuana can also be mixed with foods usually brownies, cookies, and candy which are called edibles. The main chemical responsible for the high feeling is called THC but marijuana also contains over 500 chemicals. The chemical is found in resin produced by the leaves and buds. â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization Essay2566 Words   |  11 Pagescurrent prohibition on marijuana reforms has put the United States in a similar situation. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, â€Å"95 million Americans age 12 and older have tried pot at least once, and three out of every four illicit-drug users reported using marijuana within the previous 30 days† (ONDCP). The decriminalization and eve ntually legalization for the recreational use of marijuana will bring forth benefitsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1282 Words   |  6 Pages On November 8th, 2016, the California Marijuana Legalization Initiative may be included on the ballot. The people of California will vote on whether to legalize the recreational use of cannabis for adults. The move targets at regulating the consumption of the drug and taxing it like other legalized drugs. California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996 (National Institute of Drug Abuse). The state prohibited any legal actions from being taken on patients and recognized caregiversRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana or Cannabis is one of the bused drugs in America and the rest of the world. Interesting accumulating evidence show that the significant negative impact of this drug outweighs the positive effects. However, the medical benefits of the drug seem on the process of chemical compounds as compared to the drug itself. Medical debates show that chemical compound in marijuana are the problem as compared to the plant. The said chemical compound affects the mental and physical health of the personsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1660 Words   |  7 PagesKyler Smith 9/15 â€Å"Marijuana Legalization† The legality of cannabis varies from country to country. Possession of cannabis is illegal in most countries and has been since the beginning of widespread cannabis prohibition in the late 1930s. However, possession of the drug in small quantities had been decriminalized in many countries and sub-national entities in several parts of the world. Furthermore, possession is legal or effectively legal in the Netherlands, Uruguay, and in the US states of ColoradoRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization996 Words   |  4 Pages the monetary gain of its legalization for most has been productive to say the least. For example, Denver Colorado is on track to more than triple the marijuana tax revenue this year alone. $44 million was collected in 2014. In July 2015, 73.5 million was collected, while 19.6 million went to schools. A place such as Chicago could really use the legalization to help with the school system infrastructure issues they have. With a deficit of over 1.1 bi llion marijuana sales could alleviate bothRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1550 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: Benefits and Statistics The topic of legalizing marijuana has been a topic of controversy for quite some time now not only throughout our local streets, but throughout the local and into the state government. The legalization of marijuana is such a controversial topic because some are for it and some are against it. People are for the legalization because of the great uses it has towards medicine, the money that could come from the taxation of legalized marijuana, andRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana972 Words   |  4 PagesOn January 1st the states of Colorado and Washington officially began the regulation of legal marijuana sales. Thousands of people from all over the country including tourists from Wisconsin, Ohio, Chicago, and even Georgia lined up out front of dispensaries to make a purchase. Recreational marijuana is being regulated and monitored like alcohol; you must be at least 21 years old to make a purchase. The drug, which is controversial in many states’ legislations, is currently l egal for medical useRead MoreMarijuana Legalization1212 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana Legalization COMP 1500 April 20th, 2009 Word Count: 807 Outline I. Introduction Thesis Statement: Although America is the land of the free you do not really have  too many  free choices you can make. Americans  should have  the right to  choose whether or not  marijuana should be legal. II. Background III. The tax benefits that can be created A. If legalized they can tax it how ever much they want B. Can be regulated IV. Drug enforcement money can be diverted

In a modern economy, the impor... free essay sample

In a modern economy, the importance of financial institutions such as Banks, Insurance, saving and credit unions, Cooperatives and the likes is certain. These institutions play a great role in facilitating and lubricating the economy of nations. According to Saunders and M.M Cornett (2004)the financial institutions perform essential function of channeling funds from those with surplus funds (supplier of funds) to those with shortage of funds (user of funds). Frederic Eakins (2009) also stated that the financial institutions not only affect our everyday life but also involve huge flows of funds, which in turn affect business profits, the production of goods and services, and even the economic well-being of countries.The financial institutions enable an economy to be more productive as it allows investors with few resources to use savings from those with few prospects of investing. Research had been conducted by Naved (2011); reveals that the efficiency of financial intermediation and transfer of risk can affect economic growth while at the same time institutional insolvencies can result in systemic crises which have unfavorable consequences for the economy as a whole. Among those financial institutions insurance companies are the one that play significant role in the service-based economy and its services are now being integrated into wider financial industry. Insurance companies (both private and public) consisting the organizations which provides life, fire, accident, causality and many other forms of insurance. The main objective of all insurance companies is maximizing their profit because one goal of financial management is to maximize the owner`s wealth and profitability is very important determinants of performance, in the work of (Ngoyen, 2006 as cited by Hailu,2007).Though it will be affected with firm-specific factors and external factors too play crucial role in influencing insurance companies` profitability.Insurance is a financial arrangement for redistributing the costs of unexpected losses where the insurer agrees to compensate the insured for its losses. The primary function of insurance is the payment by insurers of claims for losses incurred by those insured.The insurance sector in any country can have a great impact on economic growth and development (Brainard,2008; Ward Zurbruegg,2000). Previous studies on the determinants of profits were concentrated mainly in the banking sector (Bourke, 1989; Short, 1979; Molyneux and Thornton (1992),Demirguc-Kunt a nd Huizinga (2000), Goddard et al. (2004) as cited in Athanasoglou et al. ). Only a small number of previous studies are based on the determinants of profit in the insurance sector. These factors can be classified as internal factors of industry and of the macroeconomics (Ayele, 2012).The insurance sector plays an important role for the financial and economic development of both developed and developing countries. The increasing growth of insurance markets constituting a large part of overall financial sector might significantly affect stability of the financial system. Insurance companies provide financial services and together with pension funds belong to the major investors into financial markets and their influence is likely to increase because of the worldwide integration, ageing population and growing income imbalances. Market activity of insurance companies includes providing the risk transfer and financial intermediation (Peter Haiss and KjellSu ¨megi as cited by Lenka C (2015). Mirie M (2015) Insurance companies provide unique financial services to the growth and development of every economy. Such specialized financial services range from the underwriting of risks inherent in economic entities and the mobilization of large amount of funds through premiums for long term investments. The risk absorption role of insurers promotes financial stability in the financial markets and provides a sense of peace to economic entities. The insurance companies ability to cover risk in the economy hinges on their capacity to create profit or value for their shareholders. A well developed and evolved insurance industry is a boon for economic development as it provides long- term funds for development.Insurance is a form of risk management, used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. It involves the transfer of the risk of potential loss from one entity to another, in exchange for a risk premium. Insurance companies play a large role in the service-based economy. The financial guarantee services that insurance companies provide are now being integrated into the wider financial industry. Non-life insurance companies (both private and public) provide fire, marine, accident, causality and many other forms of insurance. wondewosen (2016). Performance is the ability of an organization to gain and manage its resources in several different ways to develop competitive advantage (Iswatia and Anshoria, 2007). High performance reflects management effectiveness and efficiency in making the use of a companys resources and this contributes to the economy at large (Batra, 1999). Generally, the performance of insurance companies can be estimated by measuring their profitability, which is a relative measure of success for a business and it acts as a proxy of financial performance. One of the objectives when managing insurance companies is to attain profit (Chen and Wong, 2004).The best performance of any industry in general and any firm in particular plays the role of increasing the market value of that specific firm coupled with the role of leading towards the growth of the whole industry which ultimately leads to the overall success of the economy. Measuring the performance of financial institutions has gained the relevance in the corporate finance literature because as intermediaries, these companies in the sector are not only providing the mechanism of saving money and transferring risk, but also helps to channel funds in an appropriate way from surplus economic units to deficit economic units so as to support the investment activities in the economy (Hifaz, M. 2011). Hamdan 2008) stated that return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and return on invested capital (ROIC) are used for the measurement of insurance companies profitabil ity. Accordingly, ROA is the measure of financial performance of the company using its total assets. This is an indication of how effective management is in using the total assets to generate earnings whereas ROE measures a companys profitability which tells how much a company generates earnings with the money shareholders have invested. ROIC is a measure used to measure a companys effectiveness in sharing the capital under its control in profitable business. This shows how well a company is in using its capital to generate returns. Comparing a companys ROIC with its weighted average cost of capital (WACC) indicates whether spent capital is used efficiently or not.William H. Greene and Dam Segal (2004) argued that the performance of insurance companies in financial terms is normally expressed in net premium earned, profitability from underwriting activities, annual turnover, return on investment, return on equity. These measures could be classified as profit performance measures and investment performance measures.According toHifza M. (2011) profitability is one of the most important objectives of financial management since one goal of financial management is to maximize the owners? wealth, and, profitability is very important determinant of performance. Therefore, insurance companies have importance both for businesses and individuals as they channel funds and indemnify the losses of other sectors in the economy and put them in the same positions as they were before the occurrence of the loss respectively. In addition, insurance companies provide economic and social benefits in the society by prevention of losses, reduction in anxious, fear and increasing employment. The term profit can take either its economic meaning or accounting concept which shows the excess of income over expenditure viewed during a specified period of time. On one hand, profit is one of the main reasons for the continued existence of every business organization. On the other hand, profit is expected so as to meet the required return by ow ners and other outsiders.In the other words the ability to earn profit that isprofitability; it is composed of two words profit and ability. The word profit represents the absolute figure of profit but an absolute figure alone does not give an exact ideas of the adequacy or otherwise of increase or change in performance as shown in the financial statement of the enterprise.The word ability reflects the power of an enterprise to earn profits, it is called earning performance (HaissandSumegi, 2008).There has been a growing number of studies recently that test for measures and determinants of firm profitability. Furthermore, some of these factors that affect insurance profitability could be below the control of the insurance management (internal factors) whereas others might be away of its control (external factors). Understanding the internal and external factors that can have an impact on the profitability of insurance is very essential not only for the insurance managers and supervisors but also for policy makers and regulators in financial institutions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clearly identify the key determinants of profitability of insurance companies in the country.1. 2. Statement of the ProblemThe best performance of any industry in general and any firm in particular plays the role of increasing the market value of that specific firm coupled with the role of leading towards the growth of the whole industry which ultimately leads to the overall success of the economy. Measuring the performance of financial institutions has gained the relevance in the corporate finance literature because as intermediaries, these companies in the sector are not only providing the mechanism of saving money and transferring risk but also helps to channel funds in an appropriate way from surplus economic units to deficit economic units so as to support the investment activities in the economy (Hifaz,M2011). Profitability is one of the most important objectives of financial management because one goal of financial management is to maximize the owners wealth and profitability is a very important determinant of performance (HifzaM 2011). This is because the world is chara cterized by risks and uncertainties and insurance has evolved as a way of providing security against the risks and uncertainties.Emineoner(2015).Conducted a research on the effect of firms specific factors on profitability of non life insurance companies in Turkey. To carry out this study the data24 non life insurance companies from the period 2006-2013were taken and used in simple and multiple liner regression models.Muturi W(2011) factors affecting profitability of insurance firm in Kenya and also used in multiple regression model and censes sampling technique.DorinaK(2016) factors affecting profitability of insurance companies in Alabnia it uses both simple random sampling and purposive sampling technique used and data collected based on secondary sources of annual report from insurance companies2008-2013 using quantitative method.There were researches which have been done in Ethiopian related to factors affecting profitability of insurance companies. The study conducted by Abate G. (2012) the Factorsaffectingprofitabilityofinsurance companies in Ethiopia. In order to carry out this study secondary source of data were used in profitability of insurance companies in Ethiopia were taken from 2003-2011 G. C. The secondary data were collected from NBE and analysis by using E views 7Software and the variables are volume of capital,age, size, leverage, liquidity, tangibility of asset are included.MeazaM.(2014).Determinants of insurance companies in Ethiopia. Secondary data obtained from the financial statements (Balance sheet and Profit/Loss account) of insurance companies, and financial publications of MOFED are analyzed.,HailuZeleke (2007), in his investigation identified that determinant insurance companies profitability thatthe first significant event that the Ethiopian insurance market observation was the issuance of proclamation No. 281/1970 and this proclamation was issued to provide for the control regulation of insurance business in Ethiopia. Consequently, it created an insurance council and an insurance controllers office, its strange impact in the sector. The controller of insurance licensed 15 domestic insurance companies, 36 agents, 7 brokers, 3 actuaries ; 11 assessors in accordance with the provisions of the proclamation immediately in the year after the issuance of the law. Specifically, it investigates the internal or firm specific variables (size of insurance companies, leverage ratio, liquidity ratio, and loss ratio) and external or macro variables (market share and growth rate of GDP). The researchers most of them were conducted on the banking sectors in this regard that is determinants of profitability. However, few studies were conducted on the insurance sector in Ethiopia, as per the researchersknowledge; there were some studies which examined determinants of profitability of insurance compani esand, most of the studies focused only on firm specific factors that indicating factors affect the financial performance of insurance companies has not been adequately investigated. The main objective this studys was to identify and to what extent that the factors affecting profitability of insurance companies operating in Ethiopia. a comprehensive research on profitability determinants using both company specific factors and macroeconomic variables were not conducted in the Ethiopian insurance industry i.e. equity capital, cost to income ratioand also, insurance is a risky business and basic risk factors for insurance such as, technicalprovision, and solvency ratio have not used in previous studies but, these variables were the most important factors that affectthe profitability of the insurers. Therefore, this study seeks to fill the above explained gap by providing information about the internal and external factors that affects profitability by examining the untouched one, and replicating the existing in the Ethiopia by using all insurance company operating in the country that have 11 years data and also This study also differs regarding time coverage for data collection. To this end, the study provided insights into the profitability determinants of insurance companies in Ethiopian

Promissory estoppel is a controversial exception Essay Example

Promissory estoppel is a controversial exception Essay There are three exclusions to the regulation inPinnel’s instance. They are composite understanding, payment of debt by 3rd party and promissory estoppel. The regulation inPinnel’s instance ( 1602 ) 5 CoRep117ais that portion payment of debt is non good consideration to waive the balance. Thus the creditor may action for the staying debt unless there is fresh consideration. Promissory estoppel like proprietary estoppel is popular types of just estoppel. The importance of just estoppel was stated inCrabb V. Arun DC ( 1976 ) 1 Ch 179that â€Å"equity comes in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. to extenuate the cogency of rigorous jurisprudence †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . it prevents a individual from take a firm standing on his rigorous legal rights †¦ . when it would be unjust for him to make so holding respects to the traffics which has taken topographic point between the parties† . We will write a custom essay sample on Promissory estoppel is a controversial exception specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Promissory estoppel is a controversial exception specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Promissory estoppel is a controversial exception specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An illustration of promissory estoppel is where A promises B that he would non implement his legal rights and B acted and relied on it without giving any consideration, equity would non let A to renegue on on his promise to B. The modern construct of promissory estoppel was developed in the instances ofCardinal London Property trust Ltd V. High Tree House Ltd. ( 1974 ) 1 KB 130andEntire Metal Manufacturing Ltd V. Tungsten Electric Co Ltd. ( 1955 ) 1 WLR 761. Promissory estoppel differs from common jurisprudence estoppel because it has less rigorous demands and it may originate from promise of future behavior or purpose. Promissory estoppel is traceable toHughes V. Metropolitan Railway( 1877 ) 2 App Case 439. Here the landlord gave his tenant 6 months to mend the belongings else hazard forfeiture. Within the 6 months, dialogue for the sale of the rental was opened between landlord and renter. The dialogue failed after 6 months and the renter failed to mend. The landlord sought to implement forfeiture. It was held that the landlord had led the renter by his behavior to believe that the landlord would non implement forfeiture. InHigh Tree House Ltd instance,the landlord promised to have from the tenant half of the land rent because of the trouble of happening renters during wartime period. After the war, the flats became occupied and the landlord sued for outstanding arrears during the wartime. The tribunal germinating the rule of promissory estoppel held that the landlord was non entitled to the arrears rent of the wartime period. Promissory estoppel occurs when there is a contractual relationship between parties. Like when there is a legal relationship between the promisee and the promiser. It remains unsettled whether promissory estoppel may originate in pre-contractual relationships. However, Lord Denning inBrinkom Investments Ltd V. Carr ( 1979 ) Calciumwas of the position that promissory estoppel may originate from promise made by parties negociating contracts. Similar positions was expressed in Durham Fancy Goods V. Michael Jackson ( 1969 ) 2 QB 839 where Donaldson J. held that contractual relationship is irrelevant provided that there is â€Å"a preexistent legal relationship which could, in certain fortunes, give rise to liabilities and penalties† . The first demand of promissory estoppel is that the promiser must give clear and unambiguous statement that he does non mean to implement his legal rights. The promise may be express or implied. The 2nd demand is that promisee must hold acted on that promise made by the promiser. Promissory estoppel frequently originate where promisee in trust on that promise suffered hurt as inAjayi V. Briscoe ( 1964 ) 1 WLR 1326; or where he alters his place as a consequence of trusting on that promise when though he suffers no hurt. InAlan Co. Ltd V El Nasr A ; Import Co. ( 1972 ) 2QB 18, Lord Denningheld that hurt is non an indispensable component of promissory estoppel. Therefore, for a supplication of promissory estoppel to win, there must be a alteration in fortunes of the promisee. The 3rd demand of promissory estoppel is that it would be unjust for the promiser to renegue on on his promise and claim his rigorous legal rights after the promisee had relied on it. The 4th demand of promissory estoppel is that it can non non be enforce against the promissor. Thus it can be used merely as a defense mechanism and therefore can non be used as a blade. In Combe V. Combe ( 1951 ) CA, the tribunal held that promissory estoppel does non make a cause of action and as such the demand of consideration in formation of contract is still relevant. Promissory estoppel is a regulation of grounds that prevents the promissor from denying the truth of statement which the promisee had relied. However, this demand seemed changed in visible radiation of the determinations inRe Wyven Developments ( 1974 ) 1 WLR 1097andEvenden V. Guildford City AFC ( 1975 )QB 917, here the tribunals held â€Å"that promissory estoppel can be a cause of action† . The tribunals use an nonsubjective trial to find whether it was sensible to trust on a promise. Thus certain promises like menaces would non amount to promissory estoppel where tribunal decides that trust on it was unequal. Furthermore, if the promisee did non trust on the promise, there would be valid statement that it was non unjust for the promiser to travel back on his promise. Promissory estoppel may for good snuff out the rights of the promissor to claim ball amount after part-payment. InD A ; C Builders v Rees ( 1965 ) 2QB 617,Lord Denningexpressed that the â€Å"promissor would non be allowed to return to his rigorous legal rights and that the promissory estoppel will be concluding if promisee understood the promise to intend concluding extinction of promissors’ rights rigorous legal rights† . However, for periodic payment promissory estoppel simply suspends the right of the promissor to the debt until such clip when it becomes just to claim the balance. Therefore, in periodic payments, promissory estoppel may snuff out the right of the promissor to claim payment for the suspended period but can do claim for subsequent periods after giving sensible notice or when the fortunes that gave rise to the fortunes alterations. InEntire Metal instance, the tribunal held that â€Å"on giving sensible notice to the other party, revert to their legal entitlement to have the compensation payments†